President Reagan free essay sample

Social Darwinism Shaping Reaganomics Ronald Reagan settled on numerous monetary choices that upheld his convictions in Social Darwinism all through his administration. Social Darwinism is viewed as the thoughts of battle for presence andâ â€Å"survival of the fittest,† a term authored by Herbert Spencer in orderâ to legitimize social strategies. After some time the people with prevalent natural attributes will command populaces that this super species had. Couples who had these unique characteristics would then pass them down to their posterity, making a tip top age in the advanced world. Dominic Sandbrook the creator of Mad as Hell, The Crisis of the 1970s and the Rise of the Populist Right, talks about president Reagan’s approaches that were affected by Social Darwinism convictions with the suspicion that contention between bunches in the public eye prompts social advancement. During his Presidency, Reagan was confronted with numerous remote issues, for example, the completion of the Cold War, theâ 1986 shelling of Libya, and the stun of the Iran-Contra undertaking. We will compose a custom article test on President Reagan or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He openly portrayed the Soviet Union as a wickedness empire† and bolstered hostile to socialist developments worldwide while spending his first term renouncing the methodology ofâ detente,â by requesting a monstrous military development in anâ arms raceâ with the USSR. Under an arrangement that came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, Reagan and his organization additionally gave plain and secret guide toâ anti-communistâ resistance movementsâ in a push to rollback Soviet-upheld socialist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Reagan perceived the difference in the Soviet authority with Mikhail Gorbachev, and moved to strategy, so as to urge the Soviet chief to seek after generous arms understandings. Reagans individual strategic to accomplish a world liberated from atomic weapons, which he viewed as absolutely nonsensical, absolutely insensitive, slacker however slaughtering, potentially dangerous of life on earth and human progress. † Reagan arranged with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, at that point marking the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treatyâ whichâ eliminated a whole class of atomic weapons. Reagan actualized strategies based onâ supply-side economicsâ and supported aâ classical liberalâ andâ laissez-faireâ philosophy, trying to invigorate the economy with enormous, over the-boardâ tax cuts. Reagan’s point of view toward financial matters was what he and people in general called â€Å"Reaganomics†. â€Å"The outline for â€Å"Reaganomics,â₠¬  was a portrayed out gracefully side way to deal with the monetary, remembering monstrous cuts for annual assessments, capital increases charges, and corporate taxes,†(340). His foundation upheld decreasing expense rates to prod monetary development, controlling the cash gracefully to lessen expansion, deregulation of the economy, and diminishing government spending. Reagans strategies recommended that monetary development would happen when minor expense rates were sufficiently low to spike venture, which would then prompt expanded financial development, higher business, and wages. Reagan’s convictions on cutting expenses were upheld by thoughts of William Sumner who accepted that the best prepared to win the battle for presence was the American businessperson, and reasoned that charges and guidelines fill in as threats to his endurance. Reagan accepted solid countries were made out of individuals who were fruitful at extending their domains and these solid countries would get by in the battle for strength. Following his less-government mediation sees, Reagan cut the financial plans of non-military programs including Medicaid, food stamps, and administrative training programs. Numerous Americans addressed whether Reagans arrangements profited the rich more than those living in destitution and numerous poor minority residents saw Reagan unsympathetic to their battles. â€Å"He expanded spending on state colleges and understudy awards; he endorsed stricter guidelines for home protection, land, retailing, specialists, dentists,†(187). At the point when he expanded the stricter guidelines on different strategies he was protecting that the rich would be in an ideal situation from the projects he executed. Further, numerous traditionalists figured the poor ought to need to accommodate themselves and not be given any money related help from the administration. Elitists upheld Reagan’s arrangements, accepting that it isn't the government’s commitment to give help to individuals who are unequipped or under-prepared to go after assets. They accepted this would lead the nation to where the feeble and substandard are urged to raise increasingly such as themselves, in the end hauling the nation down. Social advancement depended on the belief systems of individual rivalry, and the individuals who had faith in this hypothesis likewise accepted that the legislature existed for two purposes. One was to shield the individual and his property from outside danger and the other was to shield the individual and his property from crooks. Reagan accepted that the country’s issues couldn't be explained by more impedance from the administration expressing that, In this current emergency, government isn't the answer for our issues; government is the issue. Reagan rehearsed a down to earth conservatism that fair philosophy and the limitations of governmental issues, reestablished America’s pride and resolve and added to triumph neglected War.

Disciplining Style Differences of Divorced Parents Essay

Presentation Families come in all shapes and sizes. A few families have two guardians in the home, others are ran by single guardians, while others have stepmothers and stepfathers with kids having natural and half-kin. These elements are captivating and regularly I have thought about how the guardians in such families may contrast in their child rearing styles dependent on the relationship of the Mother and Father. In the conventional family, the Mother and Father are commonly hitched and dwell in a similar family unit bringing up the kids they have made together, while different groups of separated from guardians may have joint authority of their youngsters and live in isolated habitations. I am interested to know how these guardians work, explicitly in the territory of control. Youngster Behavior will in general be significantly affected by an adjustment in the family structure, for example, separate. In addition to the fact that children behave inadequately in school after a separation, yet a dditionally there are contemplates that show High School drop out rates are fundamentally higher in a solitary parent family unit than a home with double child rearing. This examination will fill three needs. The first is to portray the disciplinary acts of a separated from guardians, contemplating the most well-known strategies utilized by the normal separated from parent. Next, this examination will clarify the viability of these strategies, looking at the consequence of youngster conduct in every one of the models. At last, this investigation will plot the best order strategies for separated from guardians to keep away from the conduct issues that a separation can bring upon a kid. The best disciplinary procedures for separated from guardians is to cooperate all through the disciplinary works on, staying steady among the two guardians and conveying on disciplines for off base practices. This guarantees polite youngsters and improves the probability of instructive accomplishment of their kids. Issue Statement Offspring of separated from guardians endure with conduct gives substantially more frequently than kids from customary relational peculiarities comprising of a two-parent family units. Propositions issues incorporate little outcomes, for example, terrible conduct in the study hall and can be much more cut off, for example, improved probability of secondary school dropouts. Truth be told, in an investigation evaluated by Green, K., of a gathering of understudies who originated from a separated from family, just â€Å"about 60 percent got high†¨school diplomas† (Green, 2009). This is contrasted with 78.4% of understudies from a conventional family unit of two guardians. Changes in child rearing ought to have the option to lessen these dangers and there is no better method to change child rearing styles other than investigating the various styles of child rearing and looking at the best strategies. Separated from guardians frequently come up short on an association and consistency that a double parent family unit has, thus, so as to keep negative results from poor kid conduct, separated from guardians need to cooperate, stay steady, and consider their youngsters responsible for their activities. The inquiry this examination plans to answer is, how are separated parents’ disciplinary activities unique in relation to customary families, and what would they be able to do to guarantee their child’s achievement? Basis Youngster conduct is so significant since it is frequently said that past conduct is a decent pointer of future conduct. â€Å"The exact finding that youth issue conduct is prescient of grown-up issue conduct has been recorded in a few longitudinal examples, paying little mind to time, place, test qualities, or explicit proportions of outcome† (Ensminger, 2006, p194). Kids will in general act all the more inadequately when they are brought up in a home of a separated from parent, so it is imperative to comprehend the methodologies taken by these guardians and evaluate their adequacy so as to clarify the best disciplinary procedures with the goal that this conduct can be revised early enough to wipe out the dangers of social issues in youngsters. This investigation is intended to be something other than a depiction of child rearing styles, be that as it may, likewise fill in as a guide for separated from guardians also. Research Objectives This examination will fill three needs. The principal will be to recognize the most widely recognized disciplinary methodologies among separated from guardians and customary families. Among these methodologies, we will at that point decide the best of these methodologies, which is the subsequent goal. At long last, We will satisfy the third reason, which is to comprehend the confusions that separation brings upon a parent in training, and recommend supportive tips from the best child rearing styles looked into. At the point when everything is said and done, we might want to help single guardians who are bringing up their youngsters after a separation comprehend the significance of good order rehearses, most ordinarily found in conventional families and keeping away from any potential negative effects of kid conduct. Speculation My speculation is that most separated from guardians don't set aside the effort to inquire about the best child rearing procedures, particularly in the territory of control. This can assist them with surveying their present methodologies and make them fully aware of every single new methodologies with the best results. I would rough approximation that most single guardians need discipline because of the dread of loosing the notoriety challenge they’re in with the ex-life partner and their youngsters. This is grievous on the grounds that they are really accomplishing more mischief than anything. A kid that doesn't have discipline in the home can bring about horrible outcomes, both for the kid also for the general public where this youngster will live in, since connections to culpability have just been built up with kid conduct and absence of control. I would foresee that whenever separated from guardians were to utilize powerful order, for example, cooperating, staying predictable and keeping their kids responsible for their activities, at that point they would bring up better-carried on youngsters and increment the possibility of a fruitful life for their kids, much like their customary family partner. Meaning of Terms This paper will have a few terms that will have a few terms that will be characterized in this segment and will be actualized all through the investigation. The primary term I wish to characterize is the term â€Å"traditional family†. A customary family will be characterized by a family unit where the kids live with both their mom and father and both are hitched. The following term characterized is a separated from family, or a family wherein the children’s guardians have separated and not, at this point live respectively. The term â€Å"children† will portray youths under 18 years old. Another term is discipline, which we will characterize as any activity taken by a parent to address the terrible conduct of their kids. At long last, we will characterize Behavior as the activities and additionally mentalities showed by a kid. Outline It is basic that kids be taught for showing poor conduct. This can forestall such results as secondary school dropouts and crimes, which is frequently the consequence of awful youth conduct. Separated from families regularly need discipline in the family unit, because of the nonattendance of organization among separated from guardians and consistency in child rearing, in this way, so as to forestall negative results of kid conduct issues, separated from guardians need to cooperate, stay steady, and consider their kids responsible for their activities. I foresee that customary families have a great deal of contrasts in their disciplinary practices, for example, collaboration, consistency and responsibility that is inadequate in a separated from family, where the guardians are isolated in various living arrangements. Much can be increased about investigating powerful disciplinary strategies, particularly among separated from guardians, all around trained kids can expand the business of their grown-up life and guarantee an all the more encouraging future, which is everything a parent seeks after their kids. References Ensminger, M. E. (2006). Youth Behavior and Adult Criminality: Cluster Analysis in a Prospective Study of African Americans. DOI 10.1007/s10940-006-9008-9 Green, K. (2009). Your Child Your Divorce. School Drop-Out Rates Rise for Children of Divorce, Claims Study. Recovered from: http://yourchildyourdivorce.com/wordpress/school-drop-out-rates-ascend for-offspring of-separate cases study/In Research from University of Alberta (as refered to in Green, K. (2009). Your Child Your Divorce. School Drop-Out Rates Rise for Children of Divorce, Claims Study. Recovered from: http://yourchildyourdivorce.com/wordpress/school-drop-out-rates-ascend for-offspring of-separate cases study/)

How to Practice Autogenic Training for Relaxation

How to Practice Autogenic Training for Relaxation Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Autogenic Training for Reducing Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 20, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 29, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Autogenic training can help you to relax in a variety of situations. Paul Bradbury/Caiaimage/Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Social Anxiety Disorder How to Practice Autogenic Training View All Autogenic training is a type of relaxation technique that can be used to help reduce anxiety, including that experienced as part of social anxiety disorder (SAD). It can be incorporated into regular treatment such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or used on your own as a self-help strategy.?? What Is Autogenic Training? Autogenic training is a relaxation technique first introduced by German psychiatrist Johannes Heinrich Schultz in 1932.?? Schultz noticed that individuals undergoing hypnosis entered a relaxed state in which they experienced feelings of heaviness and warmth, and he sought to recreate that state in people to reduce tension and anxiety. Autogenic training works through a series of self-statements about heaviness and warmth in different parts of the body. Through this process,  a positive effect is induced on the autonomic nervous system. Although less well-known than other relaxation techniques  such as progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery, a meta-analytic study in 2008 found the efficacy of autogenic training in the treatment of anxiety.?? Use of Autogenic Training in Easing SAD Symptoms In terms of social anxiety disorder, autogenic training may aid in relaxation and help to reduce symptoms of anxiety when combined with other forms of treatment. Just as with other forms of relaxation training, autogenic training may help you to feel calm and relaxed in social and performance situations.??   If you practice autogenic training often enough, the simple words I am completely calm may be enough to induce a state of relaxation. If you struggle with medical conditions or significant psychiatric conditions, consult with your doctor prior to beginning any type of relaxation training exercise. Prep for Relaxation Before you start, follow these instructions to prepare yourself for relaxation:Find a quiet place free from distractions.Lie on the floor or recline in a chair.Loosen any tight clothing and remove glasses or contacts.Rest your hands in your lap or on the arms of the chair. How to Practice Autogenic Training Follow these steps to practice autogenic training: Take a few slow even breaths. If you have not already, spend a few minutes practicing diaphragmatic breathing. Quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Focus attention on your arms. Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My arms are very heavy. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Refocus attention on your arms. Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My arms are very warm. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Focus attention on your legs. Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My legs are very heavy. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Refocus attention on your legs. Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My legs are very warm. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My heartbeat is calm and regular. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My breathing is calm and regular. Then q uietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My abdomen is warm. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My forehead is pleasantly cool. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Enjoy the feeling of relaxation, warmth, and heaviness. When you are ready, quietly say to yourself, Arms firm, breathe deeply, eyes open. In addition to following these instructions, you may consider using a voice recording, such as the free MP3 audio file offered by McMaster University, in Ontario Canada, with directions on practicing autogenic training.?? The use of an audio recording will allow you to fully relax and concentrate on the technique. Be sure to stop autogenic training and consult your doctor if you experience feelings of extreme anxiety or restlessness or any other adverse effects during or after practicing autogenic training. A Word From Verywell Severe social anxiety is not something you have to live with. If you find that self-help relaxation exercises are not making a difference in your symptoms, it is important to visit your doctor and ask for a referral to a mental health professional. If you feel too nervous or scared to approach your doctor, try confiding in a family member, friend, teacher, or school counselorâ€"whoever you feel that you would be comfortable enough with to share. There are effective treatments for this type of anxiety. The sooner you seek help, the sooner you can feel better. The Best Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder

Application for Chemical Engineering at Princetone University

My life is all about problem solving: managing to live a difficult life in America after turning thirteen, finding â€Å"out of the box† to achieve my goals in debate, art, and HOSA, helping other teenagers with problems they struggle with... Designing a seemingly impossible pathway for me and others to succeed is my way of life, and a chemical engineer takes that to the next level. Everything around us -- from a bar of soup to a bucket of paint -- involves chemical engineering. The profession is not only about my favorite subjects, chemistry and math, but also about creating ideas, innovation, and new technology. This is what chemical engineers do, solving problems not just for one person, but for everyone. And being part of that amazing†¦show more content†¦I have also competed at many local academic competitions in chemistry, math and biology, placing 1st at the Chadron Scholastic Chemistry Contest, 1st (twice) at the 2011 and 2012 West River Mathematics Contest, and 3rd at the West River Biology Contest. Nevertheless, my current living situation offers me limited opportunities to explore the world of chemical engineering. Attending XXX University would mean the world to me -- giving me a chance to pursue my dreams with renowned professors such as XXX in an advanced laboratory and with people who share the same interests. At Princeton University, I can further explore the world of chemical engineering through Freshmen seminars, once again working with my peers. I am especially interested in the fall seminar Materials World at Mathey College, learning the technical processing and applications of materials around us. In addition, the spring seminar Emerging Micro and Nano-Engineered Technologies at Rockefeller College can also give me the opportunity to deepen my understanding of engineering. On top of everything, Princeton offers me amazing research opportunities I cannot find anywhere else. I intend to arrange summer employment at Princeton doing research with faculty members. I also value

Racial Discrimination - 858 Words

Research topic: Does racial discrimination cause poverty among black people in America? The scene of ghettosThe with poor living conditions of the ghettos in whichwhere black people live is not uncommon., Iit actually manifests a larger picture of racial discrimination which is closely related to poverty. Racial discrimination is about the pre-conceived notion that black people are inferior; they are more prone to violence and totally relianty on social welfare to survive. As a result of these stereotypical images, black people receive low quality education and they will have less job opportunities, not to mention the limited access to the welfare system. In this essay, we shall discuss whether racial discrimination causes poverty among†¦show more content†¦This clearly illustrates how such kind of policpoliciesy aggravates existing disparities in the education system. Uneven distribution of wealth is also a major problem, causing poverty among black people. It is suggested that due to racial segregation and a controlled political environment by white people, black people usually find it difficult to assimilate themselves into the labor force and civil society (Ducan, 1999). In the U.S., per capita income of the whites is almost five times more than that of the blacks, which clearly illustrates the serious problem of a widening wealth gap between these twodifferent racial groups. The findings from Mean Racial Wealth Gap across 181 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas shows that the standard deviation of wage between the blacks and the whites is the highest in among comparison toof different racial groups such as Latinos and white people and Asians and white people., Iit clearly points out that the most severe wealth gap exists between black and white people. However, upward mobility is restricted for the black blacks as they face racial discrimination in the process of hiring and firing. Only about half of working-age black men are employed, compared to two-thirds of white men, but even if black menpeople are employed, they are usually engaged in low-paid jobs so that they can barely affordsupport their daily expenses. It is likely that black people are being exploited in the laborShow MoreRelatedOvert Racial Discrimination and Institutional Racial Discrimination635 Words   |  3 PagesPrior to the 1960s, discrimination was viewed as a creature of prejudice (Feagin Feagin, 1988). What this means is that the problem of discrimination was viewed as one motivated primarily by individuals (or groups of individuals) on the basis of prejudice or hatred. Implicit in this prejudice-causes-discrimination-model (Feagin Feagin, p. XX) was the assumption that the solution to discrimination was one of simply eliminating prejudice. Thus, the elimination of prejudicial behavior wouldRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesRacial discrimination is one of many terms used to express the suppression of a race or many races, but more specifically, it refers to the ill-treatment a person or group receives as a result of differences in their race, color, descent, national, ethnic origin or immigrant status. (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016). Racial discrimination can be perpetrated by individuals within society, and corporate institutions such as schools, the work force and the government, all of which we have seenRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination1637 Words   |  7 Pagesreferencing the topic of racism and racial discrimination in today’s society, one of the biggest questions that still remain unanswered is as such: Why does racial discrimination still exist? What factors take place within the human mind that might cause feelings of hatred and bigotry? What can result from an individual using racially discriminating language? From times predating even the most notable case of as much, pre-Civil War United States American slavery, discrimination has existed in many differentRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Racial Profiling1524 Words   |  7 Pages In our society today, racial discrimination and inequality continues to be an issue. Regardless of the advancements we make in our society in terms of race, discrimination is something that can not simply be erased. The conflict with discrimination is evident when we look at the issue of racial profiling. Racial profiling refers to the treatment of an individual based on their race or ethnicity (Statistics of Racial Profiling 1). It is often a tool being used by law enforcement when deciding toRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination859 Words   |  4 Pageshundred percent accurate. A racial comment would be that African Americans are dangerous coming from the fact that there are more African American in prison that any other demographic. In today’s America, racism is practiced in every sort of way from subtle, aversive, to even â€Å"reverse† racism and, many more. the most common way to racially discriminate against a group is through visual processing, ho wever, what causes this to be the most common mean of discrimination, could it be that this is howRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Gender Discrimination962 Words   |  4 Pagesincreasingly being seen, especially on social media. It s a single word which people are using instead of the longer phrases disability discrimination or disability prejudice. Racial discrimination and gender discrimination have their own single words - racism and sexism - and so those ideas can be expressed a little more easily. Disability discrimination is often complicated and misunderstood. At one end of the scale, buildings with steps instead of ramps may be said to be ableist. Less obviousRead MoreRacial Oppression And Racial Discrimination997 Words   |  4 PagesHuman begins since the beginning of time have understood the concept of racial solidarity but yet decides to ignore it. Racial oppression is a direct consequence of a superior race. Racial oppression is the act of power that causes the sta te of being to feel heavily exploited. There are two types of racial oppression that are not commonly well known of, institutionalized and internalized. Institutionalized oppression is expressed when a group of people based on their race has a different chance ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Discrimination And Racial Discrimination1532 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination made its way to planet earth way before it could be documented. Racial discrimination happens all over the world both consciously and unconsciously, destroying lives every day. Racial discrimination can best be described as, when a person is treated less favorably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status. There are many forms of racial discrimination even if we don’t want to face it. Among the mostRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Its Effects On American Culture970 Words   |  4 PagesIf there is one thing I have noticed dur ing my, admittedly, short sixteen years, it is the racial discrimination and obvious bigotry of the those who are not white. Stereotypes and detrimental comments are slung every which way. Others, rely on subtle jabs while some are oblivious to the offense of the people they are around. It seems to me, that people do not seem to care. I have listened to countless conversations where people would nonchalantly insult their own culture and heritage as if theyRead MoreRacial Discrimination Essay2245 Words   |  9 Pages The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes, consequences and remedies of racial discrimination in the labor market. Understanding racial discrimination in the labor market is of critical importance because of the sever wage differentials between different races in the market. Most of the economic research on racial discrimination focuses on black and white males. Hence this paper will also be focusing on wage and employment differentials between black and white males. I will start by discussing

Nitric oxide therapy Free Essays

There is not much use for the lungs during the fetal life. At such stage, the function of the lungs is carried out by the placenta through the umbilical cord. Fetal life is characterized by a high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with pulmonary blood flow being restricted to a less than 10% lung-directed cardiac output. We will write a custom essay sample on Nitric oxide therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Blood vessels that connect the heart and the lungs are constricted, sending the circulating blood back to the heart through the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that functions only in fetuses. In other words, the lungs in the fetal stage are bypassed. At birth, when the lungs finally assume the function of gas exchange, the PVR decreases, allowing for an increase in pulmonary blood flow. The blood vessel that is previously constricted, favoring blood flow to the ductus arteriosus is now relaxed, simultaneously with the permanent closure of the ductus arteriosus. This happens as the lungs become ventilated and the alveolar oxygen tension is increased. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertansion occurs when at birth, the lung circulation fails to achieve the normal drop in PVR, preventing the transition from fetal to newborn circulation. This failure results in the continuous functioning of the ductus arteriosus which impairs the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and limits the amount of oxygen that can be picked up by the blood to be delivered to the different parts of the body. The blood that flows back to the heart remains in an unoxygenated state which could lead to the development of refractory hypoxemia, respiratory distress and acidosis. It is only in 1987 when nitric oxide (NO) was recognized as a key endothelial-derived vasodilator molecule. From then, research has been expanded to establish the role of NO throughout the body, and to discover its therapeutic potential.   To appreciate the effects of NO in alleviating pulmonary hypertension, it is important to gain understanding of its chemistry and mechanism of action. Nitric Oxide is a gaseous compound that rapidly diffuses across membranes and has a single unpaired electron. This explains its high reactivity, especially to Hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood. This nature of the compound accounts for its noted biological significance. It has been discovered to function as stimulant in the release of hormones; as neurotransmitter; a significant participant in the magnification of synaptic actions and learning processes; and an inhibitor in platelet aggregation, which makes it a marvel in the field of cardiology. In the field of pulmonology, nitric oxide is valued for its vasodilatory effect in the blood vessels. This effect can be explained by the mechanism involving the compound’s diffusion from the vascular endothelial cells to the subjacent smooth muscles of the pulmonary vessels. From here, NO activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase to change conformation to promote smooth muscle relaxation by converting GTP to cGMP.   This vasodilatory effect signals the mechanism to modulate blood flow and vascular tone. Given the mechanism of action, it is easy to surmise how NO can be utilized as a therapeutic agent in the management of blood-vessel-related diseases such as those related to the heart (hypertension), the reproductive system(erectile dysfunction) and in this case, the lungs (Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in infants (PPHN)). Before NO, treatments used in infant PPHN are hyperventilation, continuous infusion of alkali, tube vasodilation and vasodilator drugs. A study on the effects of these various treatments was done by Ellington, Jr., et. al., (2001) showing no specific therapy clearly associated with the reduction in mortality in infants. In determining whether therapies were equivalent, the study showed that hyperventilation reduced the risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with no oxygen increase at 28 days, while alkali infusion increased the use of ECMO as well as an increase in the use of oxygen at 28 days (Ellington, Jr., et. al., 2001). ECMO is a highly invasive procedure that requires major surgery, performed in serious cases of PPHN when patients fail to respond to treatments. It is only after post-lab studies were able to identify the role of NO-cGMP signaling in the regulation of lung circulation that NO therapy was developed for PPHN (Channick, R., et. al., 1994). Like previous treatment methods, NO therapy improves oxygenation as well as reduces the risk of ECMO in infants with PPHN (Oliveira, et. al., 2000). But because nitric oxide is capable of acting on its own upon inhalation to relax the blood vessels and improve circulation, it is considered as a less invasive procedure in the management of infants with PPHN compared to the previous treatments mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. The efficiency of the treatment procedure can be determined by observing its effect on the patient’s ventilation and blood flow, which is a determinant of the efficiency of transpulmonary oxygenation and partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). NO therapy enhances the mechanism by which blood flow is redistributed toward regions in the lungs with better ventilation and higher intra-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). Other treatments used in the management of PPHN such as tube ventilation, alkalosis and intravenous vasodilators were shown to be effective in ameliorating pulmonary hypertension in some infants, but in many instances, it does not, as ECMO almost always becomes a necessity in saving the life of the infants (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). A type of hyperventilation has been proven not to increase the risk of ECMO, but unlike NO-therapy (Ellington, Jr., et. al., 2001), it is invasive as to require a tube inserted inside the infant’s trachea. In patients with moderate PPHN, there is an improvement in arterial p a O 2, reduced necessity of ventilator support and low risk of progression to severe PPHN (Sadiq, et. al., 2003) and this, without the risk of increasing the incidence of adverse outcomes when the age of 1 year is reached (Clark, et. al. 2003). Inhaled NO is able to rapidly increase the arterial oxygen tension and increase the blood flow in the lungs without causing systemic hypotension (Roberts, 1992; Kinsella, 1992). No apparent increase in morbidity has been shown after one year of treatment with NO (Aparna and Hoskote, 2008). For high-risk infants with PPHN, inhaled NO has been found to lessen the risk of pulmonary hypertensive crisis (PHTC) after congenital heart surgery (Miller, et. al. 2000). Studies on the role of NO in the management of PPHM show that while it is therapeutic, it also prevents the occurrence of chronic lung disease which affects morbidity. Vascular cell proliferation and pulmonary vascular disease have been shown to decrease with NO in the newborn (Roberts, et. al., 1995). In addition, while NO treatment can be more costly, it is the most cost-effective among other methods because of the reduced need for ECMO (Angus, et. al. 2003). For these reasons, it is understandable why NO therapy seems to have taken over in the area of PPHN treatment. References Angus DC, Clermont G, Watson RS, et al. (2003). Cost-effectiveness of inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of neonatal respiratory failure in the United States. Pediatrics. 112, 1351–1360. Aparna U., Hoskote, MD., et. al. (2008). Airway function in infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide for persistent pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Pulmonol. 43, 224-235. Channick R, Hoch R, Newhart J, et al. (1994). Improvement in pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia during nitric oxide inhalation in a patient with end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149, 811-814 Clark, RH., Huckaby, JL., et. al. (2003). Low-Dose Nitric Oxide Therapy for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension: 1-Year Follow-up. Journal of Perinatology. 23, 300. Ellington Jr, Marty, O’Reilly, et. al. (2001). Child Health Status, Neurodevelopmental Outcome, and Parental Satisfaction in a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Nitric Oxide for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn. Pediatrics,107. Ichinose F, Roberts JD, et.al. (2004). A Selective Pulmonary Vasodilator: Current Uses and Therapeutic Potential. Circulation. 109, 3106-3111. Kinsella JP, Neish SR, Shaffer E, et al. (1992). Low-dose inhalation nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet.   340, 819–820. Miller O, Tang SW, et. al. (2000) Inhaled nitric oxide and prevention of pulmonary hypertension after congenital heart surgery: A randomised double-blind study. The Lancet. 356: 9240, 1464. Oliveira cac, et. al. (2000). Inhaled Nitric oxide in the management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a meta-analysis. Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. S., 55 (4): 145-154, 2000 Roberts JD Jr, Polaner DM, Lang P, et al. (1992). Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet. 340, 818–819. Roberts JD Jr, Roberts CT, Jones RC, et al. (1995). Continuous nitric oxide inhalation reduces pulmonary arterial structural changes, right ventricular hypertrophy, and growth retardation in the hypoxic newborn rat. Circ Res. 76, 215-222. Sadiq HF, Mantych G, et. al. (2003). Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Moderate Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn: A Randomized Controlled, Multicenter Trial. Journal of Perinatology.   23, (2).98 How to cite Nitric oxide therapy, Essay examples

Lucid Dreams and PTSD Essay Example For Students

Lucid Dreams and PTSD Essay The Stigma Surrounding Lucid Dream Therapy In PTSD In our society, dreams are often thought of as meaningless biology (LaBerge 1). The stigma that has accompanied dreams into our century can be thought of as quite unfortunate. This stigma accompanies all types of dreams, including lucid dreams, the conscious awareness in a dream. In the small body of research that indicates the possible therapeutic uses of lucid dreaming, one can see how hard it would be for society to accept this kind of therapy if viewing the key element, dreaming, as meaningless biology (LaBerge 1). Society needs to change the attitudes around dreaming due to the possible benefits that dream therapy could have on problems such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The benefits that lucid dream therapy could have for these treatments show why society needs to embrace all types of dreaming as important and useful human resources. As defined by Stephen LaBerge, Lucidity, allowing as it does flexibility and creative response, presents a means of resolving dream conflicts and hence fosters a return to effective self-regulation. This is the basis of approach to healing through lucid dreaming: to facilitate the persons self-healing mechanisms by means of intentional imagery on the mental level (Healing through Lucid Dreaming 1). Those who have had a lucid dream but are unfamiliar with the terminology could easily recognize their dream as lucid. Almost all dream researchers agree to these two basic principles of lucid dreams and lucid dreamers: a) that lucid dreamers will frequently awaken from REM sleep once dream consciousness is achieved and b) that lucidity will be easiest to induce at times in the night when the body is likely to be changing from REM to waking. This makes lucid dreaming sound quite disruptive to sleep. It is perhaps a relief that lucid dreaming is normally rare unless one has trained him/herself for lucidity. Proposing that lucid dreaming has a connection to the treatment of PTSD, an outline is needed. Appendix A and B outline various aspects of PTSD. The first is taken from Warning Signs of Trauma Related Stress (taken from Tanenbaum, DeWolfe and Albano) and the other from DSM-III-R (PTSD 1). There is mention of nightmares being a symptom of PTSD. This obviously means that dreams of the trauma and that these dreams are of a disturbing nature. LaBerge defines nightmare as the result of unhealthy reactions (Healing Through Lucid Dreaming 1). Even though disturbing dreams are said to be a symptom of PTSD, the treatment is non-dream oriented. This is logical because physical problems can be treated in non-physical ways and vice-versa. What is illogical is that dream oriented treatment is not considered. This could be simply an oversight, but could also be an indicator of the aforementioned stigma surrounding dreams. Dream therapy is not a new phenomenon, but it seems unfortunate that it is popular only within select circles or therapists. Lucid dreams could be an important tool for the recovery of PTSD victims and it is unfortunate that this stigma could be the preventing factor surrounding this type of therapy. In an article by George Howe Colt, he discusses the advantages of lucid dreams: Instead of being eaten by a dream monster, lucid dreamers may be able to eat the monster themselves. Instead of showing up for an important exam dressed only in his underwear, a lucid dreamer can race home and put on clothes or, knowing its only a dream, throw caution to the winds and find out what happens when he walks into an exam undressed. The value of lucid dreams is you can have any imaginable experience without consequences, says LaBerge, himself a lucid dreamer (Life Special/Cover 5). The first of these advantages, the dream monster, involves being less afraid of the threatening situation (Colt 5). If a person suffering from PTSD has a distressing dream about their trauma, it could be very beneficial to re-experience the trauma while having more control and less fear. .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .postImageUrl , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:hover , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:visited , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:active { border:0!important; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:active , .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82d7cd79fa8ef5d1838b10d40e8d05ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Synthesis - Preserving Artifacts Essay This gives the opportunity for exploration of other possible outcomes (as seen in attending the exam to view the reactions while only half dressed) or the exploration of feelings in general. A person in therapy of PTSD could be instructed in their therapy session .

Power Struggles In Society Essays - Military-industrial Complex

Power Struggles in Society Mills, Schudson, and Gitlin show different approaches to society and the role of mass media. Each approach helps illustrate a different focus on society. They each hold special relevance in a discussion of the history of societal beliefs. The Mass Society refers to the overall belief C. Wright Mills held in relation to the type of society he believed we live in. Mills began The Power Elite with a bold statement saying, "The powers of ordinary men are circumscribed by the everyday words in which they live, yet even in these rounds of job, family, and neighborhood they often seem driven by forces they can neither understand nor govern" (Mills, 1956, p.3). This opening sentence helps describe the attitude and beliefs of the entire book. A "power elite" exists in a society that is made up of three spheres. They are divided into economy, political, and military, with the same group of people interchanging between the three. This large group of elite is at the top making all the decisions, while the masses are at the bottom, unaware of the process that molds public opinion. Masses within this view of society are irrelevant and do not have any type of influence. The media functions as an entertainment source, keeping the masses entertained while the elite is taking care of all the important matters. It helps keep the reality and truth of the world obscured from the masses. Mills explained what the media does for the masses as "they distract him and obscure his chance to understand himself or his world, by fastening his attention upon artificial frenzies that are revolved within the program framework, usually by violent action or by what is called humor" (Mills, p.315). This helps illuminate how the mass media guides, tries to control, and manipulates the masses. Mills describes the effect of mass media as "a sort of psychological illiteracy" to the extent that we "often do not believe what we see before us until we read about it in the paper or hear about it on the radio" (Mills, p.311). The masses "standards of credulity, standards of reality, tend to be set by these media rather than by 'the masses' own fragmentary experience" (Mills p.311 ). Mass media's role helps prevent the questioning of the elite. "Families and churches and schools adapt to modern life; governments and armies and corporations shape it; and, as they do so, they turn these lesser institutions into means for their ends" (Mills, p.6). The family into which someone was born or marries into helps improve or decrease their social status. The school where one is educated or the church where one worships also plays a major role in the social standing. Schools teach skills to the masses that enable them to function in society. Institutions shape life and the masses adapt to what institutions create. The masses in the theory are very disorganized and not connected to others. An excellent way to describe to masses can be shown by watching The Twilight Zone movie. It is a state of total confusion for everyone, with each doing their own thing. The elite enjoy the state of confusion with the masses, because they are able to control the major decisions that must be made. They determine the policies and the people enlist in them. In the mass society, the elite control the policies and ways of thinking for the confused masses. Schudson approaches the nature of society in a much different way, through the idea of the democratic society. In Discovering the News, he discussed "an even distribution of income" and described the 1800's as "more people acquired wealth and political power 'bringing' with them a zeal for equal opportunity that led to the expansion of public education" (Schudson, 1978, p.44). When looking at society as a whole, you have them socially, economically, and politically integrated. "Economic development was promoted and shared by many rather than few" (Schudson, p.45). The press does not cause, but picks up elements, reflects, and builds from a democratic society. "The democratization of economic life brought with it attitudes that stressed economic gain to the exclusion of social aims; business practice more regularly began to reward strictly economic

ESRM 100 Test 1 Essay Example

ESRM 100 Test 1 Essay Example ESRM 100 Test 1 Paper ESRM 100 Test 1 Paper How much has the population increased in the last 35 years? from 2.5 to 6.6 billion(more than doubled) Sustainability Use it, but dont use it up Carrying Capacity Maximum number of individuals of a species that can be sustained by a population by an environment over a long term Gaia Hypothesis global environment has been profoundly changed by life throughout the history of life on Earth, and that these changes have improved the chances that life on Earth will continue Principle of Environmental Unity Everything affects everything else Environmental Science Group of sciences that explain how life on earth is sustained, what leads to environmental problems, and how theyre solved. Ulitarian Justification Ecological Justification Aesthetic Justification Moral Justification 1 Economic/Survival 2 Value larger life suport functions of the environment 3 Beauty 4 Ones view of right and wrong System Set of parts that function together to act as a whole Things we need to understand to effectively manage natural systems Types of disturbances and changes that are likely to occur The time period which changes occur The importance of each change to the long-term productivity of the system Biota Biosphere 1)All living things within a given area 2)Region of earth where life exists Ecosystem A community of organisms and their local nonliving environment in which matter cycles and energy flows Ecological footprint the total area each person requires based on the resources used and the waste produced We may be consuming about 20% more of Earths biological productivity than is replaced each year Age structure proportion of the population in each age group Limiting factors to population growthshort-term intermediate termlong term 1) drought, energy supply, disease 2)desertification, pollutants,disruption of supply of unrenewable resources3) soil erosion, climate change, ground water Ways to create zero population growth Raising the first childbearing agesocial pressures to delay marriagebirth control and family planning Factors affecting carrying capacity food supplyland and soul resourcesWater resourcesPopulation densityTechnology Biochemical Cycle complete path a chemical takes through the earths four major reservoirs What are the earths four major reservoirs? atmospherehydrospherelithosphere(rocks and soils)biosphere(plants and animals) Flux amount that moves between sinks and sources How many elements are required for life? 24 Geological cycle Formation and change of Earths materials through physical,chemical and biological processes Consists of four sub-cycles -tectonic, hydrologic, rock, biogeochemical How much do plates move a year 1-12 inches a year What leads to plate movements? convection currents in earths mantle Tectonic subduction one plate being pulled under another Where is the earths water? 97% in the oceans, 2% in glaciers, 1% as landwater or atmosphere Drainage basin area contributing runoff to a stream or river How much of the earths water is freshwater? 2.4% What % of the earths atmosphere is nitrogen 80% Nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen to ammonia/nitrate Types of symbionts obligate symbionts absolutely necessaryfacultative symbionts helpful but not essential habitatniche habitat where it livesniche what it does for a living oldest fossils 3.5 billion years old ecosystem individuals of various species and their nonliving environment Ecosystems have 3 fundamentals characteristics structure(living and non living), proccesses and change gross production producing organic matter within the body net production storing some of the newly produced organic matter for future use what % of the land surface is occupied by agriculture 12% Biological diversity wealth of species that live on earth What four processes lead to evolution mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, migration Gene chemical information for a single characteristic genotype genetic makeup of an invidual or group Divergent Evolution single species evolving into two Ways in which extinction is caused hunting/harvestingdisrupting/destroying habitatsintroducing exotic speciespollution primary successionsecondary succession 1) initial establishment and development of an ecosystem where one did not exist2)reestablishment of an ecosystem following disturbances

Is it safe to keep wild animals as pets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Is it safe to keep wild animals as pets - Essay Example Definition of pets, broad and can include wild animals (Steiger, 2006). Difference between wild animals and domestic pets: wild animals not suitable for human companionship, domestic animals are (Caesar, 2009). Statistics of injuries and mauling and the spread of disease by wild animals indicate that keeping wild animals as pets is intrinsically dangerous (Animal Legal & Historical Center, 2004; Define pets and wild animals. Wild animals cannot be domesticated and turned in to human companions, pets can be domesticated and converted to human companions (Caesar, 2009). Capture stats from Captive Wild Animal Protection Coalition and Euro Group for Animals. Extreme utilitarianism argue that it is ethical to keep wild animals as pets: animals are inferior to human beings, we already exploit them for food and for education. Moreover, keeping wild animals as pets improves the quality of their lives (Kreger & Hutchins, 2010). Rudy (2011) makes a compelling case for keeping wild animals as pets: the exploitation of the wild, animals are better off learning to live with human beings. Some wild animals have demonstrated adaptability (Rudy 2011). Perkins (2003) argues that keeping wild animals as pets can be a good thing: looks at the definition of pets and how keeping wild animals as pets can turn them into traditional concepts of pets as human companions. Mankind has a history of wanting to own and cultivate wild animals and this may be a trait inherited from our ancestors who were hunters (Bell, 2001). History informs that mankind has a tendency to rescue and rehabilitate wild animals. Amid much debate and controversy over the ethics and dangers of keeping wild animals as pets, people are known to keep wild animals in their homes as pets (Bell, 2001). The debate over the dangers and ethics of keeping wild animals as pets is represented by two philosophical perspectives. On the one hand, abolitionists take the position that cite

Portfolio Management (Masraf Al-rayyan) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Management (Masraf Al-rayyan) - Essay Example There is another section called wholesale banking still offered by the bank. This section offers advisory services. It also offers financing products. They offer trade finance which is meant to meet the requirements of small enterprises. (Writers 27) This bank was offered a license to carry brokerage services in the year 2011. This license came from the Qatar Financial Markets in Doha. The Qatar Financial Market was founded in 2011 by the Masraf Al Rayan bank. It was pronounced as a fully independent body in the same year. Its paid up capital was 50 million QAR. The Masraf Al Rayan is a fast growing bank. By 2013 it had 11 branches all over Qatar and a total of 52 cash points or Automated Teller Machines. (Writers 29) Masraf Al Rayan has its mission and vision. The vision states, â€Å"It is to be a leading and innovative international Islamic financial institution, specialized in providing Sharia compliant products and services†. The bank is owned mostly by the public as they have more shares holding since they have a 55% subscription in total. The rest of the 45% has been contributed by the founders of the bank (Times 78). The share capital is QAR 7,500,000,000. This amount is divided into shares. The shares are 750,000,000 in cash with a nominal value of QAR10 per share. (Writers 30) There are no big differences in the current ratio and Quick Ratio as seen in the figures. This shows that the accounts are stable. The highest ratio is in 2010 and lowest in 2009 at 0.9% and 0.33% respectively (Writers 27). According to the figures the bank is doing well. When the bank liquidates the assets they use the ratio to calculate amount of money for each stakeholder. It keeps on increasing from 2009 t0 2013 (Times 80). This ratio gives the financial stability of the company by giving the money left after comparing revenues to goods sold. The ratio is highest in 2013 at 15.5% and lowest in 2010 at 12.6% as seen in the table. (Writers 26) Stock

Theories of the self in a social world

Theories of the self in a social world What shapes your self-concept of who you are? Discuss in relation to theories of the self in a social world. The question of what actually shapes the self-concept of a person is one of the most complex topics in Psychology. The self and the development of the self-concept can be broken down in a series of explanations, which also depend on a number of characteristics such as social norms, gender roles, culture and many more. The essay will comprehend a number of explanations of how theories try to analyze the driving force or reasons behind the formation of the self-concept. According to Murphy (1947) the self is the individual known to the individual. The perceptions and attitudes one holds towards oneself is what would define the self-concept. Psychologists have proposed various explanations of what the self-concept in fact is and what forms it. Higgins (1987) put forward the self-discrepancy theory which states that the difference between the actual, ideal and ought self forms the self. The actual self is the current self we are at present, whereas the ideal self strives to achieve the goals we think of as ideal and the ought self represents the self of how others would like us to be. The aim is to make ourselves feel good about us by erasing the differences between the actual self and our ideal/ought self (Dunning and Hayes, 1996). Higgins (1998) also suggested that the ought self also acts as a prevention of what not to do, therefore not expected by others. Mertons self-fulfilling prophecy (1984) showed that others expectations can indeed change our behaviour, supporting the idea of the ought self. It is also supported by research out by Steele and Aronson (1995) who found that African-American students actually reduce effort and did not perform as well as they could have, because of less academic expectations put into them. Stainton Rogers (2003) presented a similar theory to Higgins (1987) but suggested that the self can be divided into three parts which mainly are: the personal self (an individuals own conscious of oneself), the social self (classified by the social background the individual is in) and the relation self which relates to the relationships others have with the individual. On the other hand, the explanation of possible selves by Markus and Nurius (1986) state that self consists of 2 parts: the vision of the self you dream of becoming i.e. the rich, successful etc. and the one you fear of i.e. the unemployed, the poor etc. This helps in having a specific goal to motivate us and to work towards to in order to achieve it. Lockwood and Kunda (1999) carried the idea further and found that models can inspire us to choose who we would like to be but also one should make sure that the model representing is indeed achievable. The image of a future model can also motivate us to make changes to one self e.g. quit smoking. However, Baumeister (1991) feared that not succeeding in who we want to be can have a negative effect on oneself, such as high levels of alcohol consumption. Introspection is also put forward as an explanation to learn about oneself in which one privately thinks of who they are. Nisbett and Nilson (1977) emphasized on the fact that in reality we do not know why we act in a particular way in a specific situation but after the deed, we create logical theories explaining why we acted that way. It is misleading as Wilson and Kraft (1993) found that by creating reasons for their actions changed their behaviour, to match their stated reasons. As when introspecting we do not focus on the main driving force for the actions so it is likely to mislead our predictions about our actions in future. Another distinctive theory put forward by Festinger (1954) relates the formation of the self-concept to something more complex rather than the theories explained so far. The social comparison theory proposes that in order to form ones self-concept, individuals self-evaluate their behaviour by comparing their own behaviour to either a similar or dissimilar individual or to ones own behaviour in the past, which in turn helps feeling affirmative about their own behaviour therefore reinforcing it. The temporal comparison describes the comparison of ones present condition to the past. In social comparison, on the other hand, the individual compares their behaviour to others, referred to as the reference group. People mostly compare themselves to similar people to get approval for their own behaviour and to protect and boost ones self esteem (Leary, 2001). It consists of two parts: downwards comparison and upwards comparisons (Bunk and Oldersma, 2001). Downwards comparison happens when one compares oneself to someone who is not doing as well as the individual, which as a result makes the individual feel better oneself. Upwards comparisons though occurs when the reference group is someone who is doing better, but also making the individual feel better, in a way to try and improve their own situation. However, Taylor and Lobel (1989) goes against this as they said that the individual will feel depressed and anxious if the reference group will always have someone more successful, rich, clever etc. in it. Social identification theory (Tajfel and Turner, 1979) proposing that the membership of social groups affects our behaviour and relates to who we are contradicts the social comparison theory as it states that we are mainly representing our social group of how we interact and identify ourselves rather than relating each other to individuals on a one-to-one basis. Furthermore, Tajfel et al. (1979) state that identifying oneself with a social group gives one positive self-esteem. Self-esteem also plays an important part in forming the self-concept, discussed in following research. Higgins (1987) found that people with low self-esteem often give up quickly and are more likely to be depressed if they fall short of their hopes. Also, people are more likely to be anxious if they feel they fell short of what they ought to be. Similarly, low and high self esteem can be linked to low and high self-efficiency, respectively. The self-efficiency theory (Bandura, 1989) states that it is not only determined by past interactions of what we are able to accomplish but also current interactions to the environment and people. This idea is supported by Collins (1982) as he looked at children with varying mathematical skills and either were low or high self efficient. He asked them to do a mathematical task and found that those who had a high level of self-efficiency performed better and did not give up if stuck, whereas this was less true for the children with low self-efficiency levels as they gave up quickly and were slower in solving the problem regarding their skills they h ad. Furthermore, Weinberg et al. (1979) carried out a study in which they raised or lowered participants self-efficiency beliefs by giving them fake feedback on how well they performed on competitive tasks. They found that in following physical endurance tasks, those with a higher feedback did clearly better and tried to succeed even if problems aroused, whereas in the other group participants gave up much quicker and were not so enthusiastic about succeeding. This supports the self-efficiency theory and also supporting the belief that the levels of self-efficiency we have can give us a mental image of what we are and how we will act or perform. Nevertheless, the self-perception theory (Bem, 1972) suggests that we learn about ourselves by observing how we act and that self-concept is developed through social impact behaviour. If there is no force to choose a particular behaviour and one does it with their own consent, one draws conclusions that this is what we are like and therefore the behaviour reflects us. However, Markus (1977) said that it is the reflection of past experiences, which form through the self-schema model, that are useful in processing information relevant to the self. It also proposed that information learned from the treatment of people towards us, makes us perceive specific behaviour about ourselves, e.g. being funny because people laughed wherever I go. This process is called reflected appraisal. Cooley (1902) put forward the looking glass theory suggesting for developing oneself it is crucial to get feedback from others. Also, Mead (1934) called this process the reflexive self, as one observes, reacts to and plans subsequent behaviour. An important part of how we perceive ourselves also relates to gender differences, which none of the theories above mentioned. Guimond et al. (2007) stated that gender is not only important for differentiating between genders but gender also plays an important part in determining for we respond, interact and most importantly perceive ourselves. In addition, Cross and Madson (1977) noted that one of the most basic gender differences relating to self-concept is that women are more likely to develop as being interdependent, whereas men are more likely to develop independence. However, a weakness of this model is that it does not state a specific reason to why men and women differ in self-construal. Last but not least, one could argue that behaviour vary mostly among cultures so theories or explanations for the self described so far are not taking culture into account so it cannot represent everyone. As Marsella et al. (1994) argues that despite much the psychological research into the self, it is still irrelevant to a large part of the world. G.H. Mead (1934) expressed the importance of social interaction in developing the self as he belies that social interaction does form the self-concept, however, it is not only the interaction that helps, but also the social norms, personal beliefs and cultural patterns. Moreover, research carried out by Simpsons (2000) found that 85% of people believe that it is possible to be whoever one wants to be in American culture. American culture which is an individualistic society gives more value to independence and freedom, which gives it more freedom to choose how you want to see yourself. But this is less true for a collectivist society as in Korea, people rate tradition and shared practices as being more important in contrast to developing a unique self-concept (Choi and Choi, 2002), supporting the belief of how cultural differences can affect the formation of ones self-concept. Likewise, Markus (2001) supported the idea as well, as Korean ads are more likely to feature people together rather than giving importance on a personal choice or uniqueness of oneself. Also emphasizing the differences, Boneva and Frieze (2001) found that people from individualistic culture value work and achievement more, thereby giving more importance to forming a self-identity and uniqueness, when resettling in a new country rather than being interested for relationships and family. In addition, self-esteem, which leads to the formation of ones self-concept, does also vary among different cultures. Gray-Little and Hafdahl (2000) carried out comparisons of 261 studies of more than half a million of people and found that black people had higher self-esteem scores than for people. However, high levels of self-esteem can also cause problems. Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger and Vohs (2003) emphasized on the fact that low self-esteem can lead to aggression and negativity towards others wh ereas, however high self esteem can lead to bullying, narcissism etc. (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger and Vohs (2005). Such behaviour triggered by the levels of self-esteem can result in what we are and how we perceive ourselves, thus forming our self-concept.

Regulatory Competition Among Accounting Standards Within and Across International Boundaries

Financial statements that are simple and comparable to the general public may not be in the best interest of the managers. Managers like to manipulate ?nancial reports to suit their own interests. Financial reporting would be easy to just report whatever is in the cash till. Despite the fact that financial reporting would be simplistic, it is better to have complex account than a simple financial reporting. There is no perfect standard for any corporations in the world. An ever changing corporate world makes it harder to ascertain for the prefect standard.However, experimentation with alternatives in a competitive regulatory environment generates data to help identify with the most wanted accounting standards. No single set of standards has been shown to be the best suited for all ?rms. The argument for regulatory monopoly in accounting is often based on the assumption that in the absence of such regulation, there will be no standards. Financial reporting standards act as a template to prevent managers from taking advantage of the shareholders cost of capital and fraudulent behaviour or thoughts.Despite being a set of rules, the financial reporting standards still has its leeway from country to country. With a centrally planned accounting standards, standards setters are susceptible to lobbying pressure especially when disagreement arises between varies interest party. On the contrary, with regulatory competition, standards setters can avoid the lobbying pressure. This is because those who do not like the standard can freely choose another one that is suitable. Analysis For the first claim above, I agree that a simple financial report is favourable to the public but not so to the managers.However, this may not always hold true as it may paint a biased picture favourable towards the managers. This is mainly attributed to the manipulations of the financial report for their own interest. In addition, a financial reporting that only reports the cash in the till wou ld eliminate all the complexity of financial reporting. However, I feel that a complex financial report that depicts the true situation of a company is better than a simple financial statement that just only accounts for whatever is in the till.Having guidelines may be easier for financial reporting but it may leave out certain â€Å"hard to count† assets and liabilities which are crucial in preparing an impartial financial report for the public. Therefore, I agree with the author that a complex financial report that may arise from regulatory competition is better and more precise compared to a guided and simple financial report. Secondly, my apprehension with the experimentations of alternatives is that in reality, corporation may not have the time or resources to try out different alternatives.A failed experimentation with an alternative accounting standard may negatively affect the capital that will be invested in the company by investors. However, I do agree with the auth or that experimentation with different standards through regulatory competition will eventually lead to the perfect accounting standard for every corporation. This is due to the ever changing rules selected in accounting standards through regulatory competition. 3 No single standard setter knows the perfect standards for different industries and circumstances.Hence, I believe that in order to have the perfect standards it is for the best to leave it to the market. Like I have mentioned above, accounting rules are always carefully chosen according to different regulatory competition. Just like the laissez faire concept. Hence, with regulatory competition, the market will decide which standards are the best by allowing corporations to experiment with alternatives. Subsequently, the main argument favouring the harmonisation of accounting tandards is the fear of having no standard with competitive regulations. However, better firms can engage the best quality of audit as an attempt to c onvey their quality over to investors. 2 Firms can convey such message by paying a price premium charged by audit ?rms, which are perceived to provide services of higher quality. This further proves that even without regulations there will still be standards; in fact the reports prepared will be better quality as better audit firms are employed.The up side of using accounting standards set by standard setters is that it is prescriptive. I agree with the writer that in this case, by having prescriptive standards are actually positive as it restricts managers from exploiting the cost of capital belonging to the shareholders. In addition, not all standards that are prescriptive lack flexibility which will hinder professional judgement. An example would be the flexibility between UK GAAP, US GAAP as well as International GAAP despite all coming under the same accounting standards.Finally, I disagree with the author to a certain extend that it will lessen the lobbying pressure. I believe that having regulatory competition may provide for more lobbying opportunities as pressure to conform to authorities who are usually the big corporations or political government are futile to resist. 4 Nevertheless, I agree with the author that regulatory competition will not eliminate lobbying pressure but lessen it. With regulatory competition, accounting standards are diversified hence reducing its vulnerability to lobbyist.Critical appreciation Throughout the whole paper, the author has a strong stand on the differentiation of accounting standards by putting more weight on discussing on the advantages of regulatory competition that arises from differentiated accounting standards. Even though there are discussions on the advantages of having standards towards the end of the paper, there is not much emphasis. However, I agree with the author that his arguments for regulatory competition are not for the elimination of accounting standards.I strongly believe in the Pareto efficient solution for setting accounting standards; for every accounting standards set it will not benefit everyone but as long as it benefits the majority it will be a considerably good standard. Overall, I love this article as it opens up my mind regarding the benefits we can get by adopting regulatory competition by having different accounting standards at the same time emphasised about the consequences of just having regulatory competition.

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay

The world has over the last few years been witnessing a remarkable rise in awareness in philosophical ideologies that are geared towards the environment. A number of theories such as animal rights, eco-feminism, deep ecology, bio-centric ethics and other theories have been proposed with the main aim of providing value to the environment. Environmental philosophies have helped in exploring various causes of environmental destruction and the proposals they put across that would help to reverse the trend of destruction and restore the environment to an acceptable level. Most of the practices that these theories try to raise are geared towards grappling with the effects produced by the industrial and economic cultures that thrive in most countries. However, a variety of issues arise pertaining to the applicability of environmental ethics and whether the theoretical outcomes are attainable (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Nature has always been an important aspect of human life, this is evident with the recent surge of focus in the subject as more and more people become aware of the environment. The issue of environmental ethics came into being as a discipline in schools in the 1970’s. Philosophies during the 1960’s had the perception that the late 20th century would witness a ‘population time bomb†. Rachael Carol was one of the vocal scientists who drew much attention to the issue of an environmental crisis by detailing the impact that pesticides would have on the environment. Lynn White jr. also did a masterpiece essay that traced the roots of environmental crisis by arguing that Judeo-Christian thinking was a major contributor in the over-exploitation of nature. He argues that the thinking was that human beings were superior to nature, which is a theory that is widely discussed in theology and history. This as he argues tends to cause a kind of arrogance towards nature and this tends to be a cause environmental crisis (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Polluting or destroying the environment is behaviors that are considered as immoral and this perception proves that human beings are embracing the concept that a sustainable environment is necessary for survival. However, the process of keeping a sustainable environment may mean culling animals, destroying overpopulated species, putting out natural fires and this often leads to some issues such as the morality of the actions taken. Another issue that arises is the restoration of an environment after destruction such as when a mining company restores a land after working on it for a while which begs the question of whether there is a â€Å"difference between restoring an environment or a natural one† (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Modern day scientists have often argued that finding a distinction between â€Å"instrumental values and intrinsic values† is of great importance (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Instrumental values mean that are usable while on the other hand, intrinsic values are not reusable are an end to their survival. Fruits are considered to be of instrumental value to bats that feed on them since this makes the bats survive. The fruits on the other hand are not widely regarded as having an intrinsic value for themselves. This debate has been one of the contentious environmental ethics issues. Things considered being of intrinsic value demand protection morally with regard to those that are instrumental. Most traditional thinkers often tagged the term intrinsic value only to humans with a renowned philosopher Aristotle arguing that â€Å"nature has made all things specifically for the sake of man† which means that everything else is classified as instrumental (Keller 2010). However, with the advent of the environmental ethics, the issue of man’s moral superiority to other species in the planet is been challenged. The other borne of contention that is trying to be tackled, is the classification of intrinsic and instrumental values among various species. Modern scientists have often argued that the main essence of environmental ethics is directed towards providing moral grounds for policies that are aimed at protecting the planets environment and tackling issues of environmental degradation before they get out of hand (Keller, 2010). The fate of the outcomes that environmental ethics aims to fulfill lies in how various laws will be enacted. A considerable number of philosophers have come up with ideologies and they should be used in order to formulate laws so as to promote environmental values that are acceptable and also attainable. Everybody should be part of ensuring that the environment is being conserved so as to ensure survival of for the present and future generations. It cannot escape out attention that we are living in a nuclear age where we heavily depend on energy that produces waste which some of it is hazardous to the environment and even unrecyclable. These types of waste require careful management in getting rid off, so as to ensure that they do not pose significant threats to the environment. Although these types of waste may not have short-term effects at the present, they may be catastrophic for the future generation and thus the need to practice wise environmental ethics at the present to ensure survival and a future for the planet. References: Keller, D. R. (2010). Environmental Ethics: The Big Question. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Brennan, A. and Lo, Y. (2009). â€Å"Environmental Ethics†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), derived on August 16, 2010 http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/win2009/entries/ethics-environmental/ .

Level 3 diploma in health and social care unit 80 - 878 Words

Unit 80 Outcome 1 1.1 Understand the legislative framework for the use of medication in social care settings. 1. Identify legislation that governs the use of medication in social care settings. The Medicines Act 1968 The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (and later amendments) The Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody) Regulations 1973 (and later amendments) The Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), COSHH The Mental Capacity Act (2005) The Access to health records Act (1990), The Data Protection Act (1998) plus equality legislation. 1.2 Outline the legal classification system for medication. The classification of medicines are all related to the medicines act 1968, while working with medication it is good to have an understanding and working†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Painkillers †¢ Antidepressants †¢ Antibiotics †¢ Antipsychotic †¢ Aspirin †¢ Diabetes Medications †¢ Beta-blockers †¢ Laxatives 2.2 List conditions for which each type of medication may be prescribed? Painkillers: Painkillers are medicines that are used to treat pain. There are a large number of painkillers available and they all come in various different brand names. They can be taken by: mouth as liquids, tablets, or capsules, by injection, or via the rectum (back passage) - for example, suppositories. Some painkillers are also available as a creams or an ointment. Antidepressants: Antidepressants are a type of medication used to treat depression or prevent it recurring. They can also be used to treat a number of other conditions, including: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Antidepressants are also sometimes used to treat people with long-term (chronic) pain. Antipsychotic: Antipsychotics (also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers) are a class of psychiatric medication primarily use to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, or disordered thought), in particular in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and are increasingly being used in the management of non-psychotic disorders. Aspirin: Aspirin also known as acetylsalicylic acid is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as anShow MoreRelatedLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 PagesQUALIFICATION HANDBOOK Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) (3978-51/52/53/54/55/56) December 2011 Version 2.1 (July 2011) Qualification at a glance Subject area City Guilds number Age group approved Entry requirements Assessment Fast track Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) 3978 19+ There are no entry requirements Portfolio of Evidence, PracticalRead MoreChildcare: Education and Subject Code Essay43120 Words   |  173 PagesAscentis Level 3 Award in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Subject Code: 501/1289/2 Ascentis Level 3 Certificate in Supporting Teaching and Learning Subject Code: 501/1706/3 Level 2 Certificate in Cover Supervision Subject Code: 501/1718/X Ascentis Level 3 Diploma in Specialist Support for Teaching and Learning Subject Code: 501/1719/1 Level 3 Award/Certificate/Diploma Level 3 Award in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Level 3 Certificate in Supporting Teaching and LearningRead More‚Äà ºa Contemporary View on Health Care System in Bangladesh.‚Äà ¹14806 Words   |  60 PagesCHAPTER - 1 Introduction 1.0 origin and background of the report The report ‘‘A Contemporary view on Health Care System in Bangladesh’’ is the outcome of Internship Program which is a precondition for acquiring MBA Degree. 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